参考文献

第一部分：脑科学的核心问题

心智活动的载体是什么

Benjamin, S., MacGillivray, L., Schildkrout, B., Cohen-Oram, A., Lauterbach, M. D., & Levin, L. L. (2018). Six landmark case reports essential for neuropsychiatric literacy. The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 30(4), 279-290.

Gross, C. G. (2009). A hole in the head: More tales in the history of neuroscience. MIT Press.

Lodge, P. (2014). Leibniz’s Mill Argument Against Mechanical Materialism Revisited. Ergo-An Open-Access Journal of Philosophy.

心智活动是如何发生的

Aponte, Y., Atasoy, D., & Sternson, S. M. (2011). AGRP neurons are sufficient to orchestrate feeding behavior rapidly and without training. Nature Neuroscience, 14(3), 351-355.

Barwich, A.-S. (2019). The value of failure in science: The story of grandmother cells in neuroscience. Frontiers in Neuroscience, 13, 1121.

Bushdid, C., Magnasco, M. O., Vosshall, L. B., & Keller, A. (2014). Humans can discriminate more than 1 trillion olfactory stimuli. Science, 343(6177), 1370-1372.

Keysers, C., & Gazzola, V. (2010). Social neuroscience: Mirror neurons recorded in humans. Open Archive, 20(8), 353-354.

Liu, X., Ramirez, S., Pang, P. T., Puryear, C. B., Govindarajan, A., Deisseroth, K., & Tonegawa, S. (2012). Optogenetic stimulation of a hippocampal engram activates fear memory recall. Nature, 484(7394), 381-385.

McFadyen, J., Mermillod, M., Mattingley, J. B., Halasz, V., & Garrido, M. I. (2017). A rapid subcortical amygdala route for faces irrespective of spatial frequency and emotion. Journal of Neuroscience, 37(14), 3864-3874.

Quiroga, R., Reddy, L., Kreiman, G., Koch, C., & Fried, I. (2005). Invariant visual representation by single neurons in the human brain. Nature, 435, 1102-1107.

Rizzolatti, G., & Fabbri-Destro, M. (2010). Mirror neurons: From discovery to autism. Experimental Brain Research, 200, 223-237.

Zhao, X., Liu, M., & Cang, J. (2014). Visual cortex modulates the magnitude but not the selectivity of looming-evoked responses in the superior colliculus of awake mice. Neuron, 84(1), 202-213.

只有人类才有智慧吗

Langford, D. J., Crager, S. E., Shehzad, Z., Smith, S. B., Sotocinal, S. G., Levenstadt, J. S., Chanda, M. L., Levitin, D. J., & Mogil, J. S. (2006). Social modulation of pain. Smith, M. L., Asada, N., & Malenka, R. C. (2021). Anterior cingulate inputs to nucleus accumbens control the social transfer of pain and analgesia. Science, 371(6525), 153-159.

研究脑需要怎样的工具

Musk, E., & Neuralink. (2019). An integrated brain-machine interface platform with thousands of channels. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 21(10), e16194.

第二部分：脑的基本单元

神经细胞：心智活动的基本单元

Glickstein, M. (2006). Golgi and Cajal: The neuron doctrine and the 100th anniversary of the 1906 Nobel Prize. Current Biology, 16(5), R147-R151.

动作电位：神经元的多米诺骨牌

Ampel, B. C., Muraven, M., & McNay, E. C. (2018). Mental work requires physical energy: Self-control is neither exception nor exceptional. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 1005.

Bruckmaier, M., Tachtsidis, I., Phan, P., & Lavie, N. (2020). Attention and capacity limits in perception: A cellular metabolism account. The Journal of Neuroscience, 40(35), 6801-6811.

Hodgkin, A. L., & Huxley, A. F. (1952). A quantitative description of membrane current and its application to conduction and excitation in nerve. The Journal of Physiology, 117(4), 500-544.

Hodgkin, A. L., Huxley, A. F., & Katz, B. (1952). Measurement of current-voltage relations in the membrane of the giant axon of Loligo. The Journal of Physiology, 116(4), 424-448.

Hodgkin, A. L., & Katz, B. (1949). The effect of sodium ions on the electrical activity of giant axon of the squid. The Journal of Physiology, 108(1), 37-77.

Neher, E., & Sakmann, B. (1976). Single-channel currents recorded from membrane of denervated frog muscle fibres. Nature, 260(5554), 799-802.

Zbili, M., & Debanne, D. (2020). Myelination increases the spatial extent of analog-digital modulation of synaptic transmission: A modeling study. Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience, 14, 40.

突触：神经元的交互界面 (上)

Robertson, J. D. (1953). Ultrastructure of two invertebrate synapses. Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine, 82(2), 219-223.

Palay, S. L., & Palade, G. E. (1955). The fine structure of neurons. The Journal of Biophysical and Biochemical Cytology, 1(1), 69-88.

Bennett, M. R. (1999). The early history of the synapse: From Plato to Sherrington. Brain Research Bulletin, 50(2), 95-118.

DeFelipe, J. (2010). From the connectome to the synaptome: an epic love story. Science, 330(6008), 1198-1201.

Pereda, A. E. (2014). Electrical synapses and their functional interactions with chemical synapses. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 15(4), 250-263.

突触：神经元的交互界面（下）

Davenport, H. W. (1991). Early history of the concept of chemical transmission of the nerve impulse. The Physiologist, 34(4), 129-190.

De Carlos, J. A., & Borrell, J. (2007). A historical reflection of the contributions of Cajal and Golgi to the foundations of neuroscience. Brain Research Reviews, 55(1), 8-16.

Del Castillo, J., & Katz, B. (1954). Quantal components of the end-plate potential. The Journal of Physiology, 124(3), 560-573.

Feldberg, W. (1976). The chemical transmitter at synapses in a sympathetic ganglion [Proceedings]. The Journal of Physiology, 263(1), 89P-91P.

London, M., & Hausser, M. (2005). Dendritic computation. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 28, 503-532.

第三部分：作为计算机器的脑

视觉感受器：为何最精密的相机也比不过人眼

Carvalho, L. S., Pessoa, D. M. A., Mountford, J. K., Davies, W. I. L., & Hunt, D. M. Ecology and Evolution, 5, 34.

Chen, P.-J., Awata, H., Matsushita, A., Yang, E.-C., Arikawa, K., & Kinoshita, M. (2016). Extreme spectral richness in the eye of the common bluebottle butterfly, Graphium sarpedon. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, 10, Article 60.

Fernald, R. D. (2006). Casting a genetic light on the evolution of eyes. Science, 313(5795), 1914-1918.

Hecht, S., Shlaer, S., & Pirenne, M. H. (1942). Energy, quanta, and vision. The Journal of General Physiology, 25(6), 819-840.

Jékely, G., Colombelli, J., Hausen, H., Guy, K., Stelzer, E., Nédelec, F., & Arendt, D. (2008). Mechanism of phototaxis in marine zooplankton. Nature, 456(7220), 395-399.

Johary, Y. H., Trapp, J., Aamry, A., Aamri, H., Tamam, N., & Sulieman, A. (2021). The suitability of smartphone camera sensors for detecting radiation. Scientific Reports, 11, Article 12653.

Jordan, G., Deeb, S. S., Bosten, J. M., & Mollon, J. D. (2010). The dimensionality of color vision in carriers of anomalous trichromacy. Journal of Vision, 10(12), 1-19.

Nathans, J., Thomas, D., & Hogness, D. S. (1986). Molecular genetics of human color vision: The genes encoding blue, green, and red pigments. Science, 232(4747), 193-202.

Shyue, S. K., Hewett-Emmett, D., Sperling, H. G., Hunt, D. M., Bowmaker, J. K., Mollon, J. D., & Li, W. H. (1995). Adaptive evolution of color vision genes in higher primates. Science, 269(5228), 1265-1267.

Tinsley, J. N., Molodtsov, M. I., Prevedel, R., Wartmann, D., Espigulé-Pons, J., Lauwers, M., & Vaziri, A. (2016). Direct detection of a single photon by humans. Nature Communications, 7, 12172.

Wald, G. (1951). The photochemical basis of rod vision. Journal of the Optical Society of America, 41(12), 949-956.

视网膜：如何提取有意义的视觉信息

Curcio, C. A., Sloan, K. R., Kalina, R. E., & Hendrickson, A. E. (1990). Human photoreceptor topography. The Journal of Comparative Neurology, 292(4), 497-523.

Demb, J. B., & Singer, J. H. (2015). Functional circuitry of the retina. Annual Review of Vision Science, 1, 263-289.

Eagleman, D. M. (2001). Visual illusions and neurobiology. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 2(12), 920-926.

Hurvich, L. M., & Jameson, D. (1957). An opponent-process theory of color vision. Psychological Review, 64(6, Pt. 1), 384-404.

Kuffler, S. W. (1953). Discharge patterns and functional organization of mammalian retina. Journal of Neurophysiology, 16(1), 37-68.

Masland, R. H. (2012). The neuronal organization of the retina. Neuron, 76(2), 266-280.

Svaetichin, G., & MacNichol, E. F., Jr. (1959). Retinal mechanisms for chromatic and achromatic vision. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 74(2), 385-404.

视觉皮层：如何识别物体

Hubel, D. H., & Wiesel, T. N. (1959). Receptive fields of single neurones in the cat’s striate cortex. The Journal of Physiology, 148(3), 574-591.

Hubel, D. H., & Wiesel, T. N. (1962). Receptive fields, binocular interaction and functional architecture in the cat’s visual cortex. The Journal of Physiology, 160(1), 106-154.

Hubel, D. H., & Wiesel, T. N. (1965). Receptive fields and functional architecture in two nonstriate visual areas (18 and 19) of the cat. Journal of Neurophysiology, 28, 229-289.

Livingstone, M., & Hubel, D. (1988). Segregation of form, color, movement, and depth: Anatomy, physiology, and perception. Science, 240(4853), 740-749.

Sutherland, S. (1993). Eye, brain and vision. Nature, 362, 419-420.

von der Heydt, R., Peterhans, E., & Baumgartner, G. (1984). Illusory contours and cortical neuron responses. Science, 224(4654), 1260-1262.

视觉系统的特殊任务：如何辨别敌我

Chang, L., & Tsao, D. Y. (2017). The code for facial identity in the primate brain. Cell, 169(6), 1013-1028.e14.

Chang, L., Egger, B., Vetter, T., & Tsao, D. Y. (2021). Explaining face representation in the primate brain using different computational models. Current Biology, 31(13), 2785-2795.e4.

Hadjikhani, N., & de Gelder, B. (2002). Neural basis of prosopagnosia: An fMRI study. Human Brain Mapping, 16(3), 176-182.

Lee, K. H., Tran, A., Turan, Z., & Meister, M. (2020). The sifting of visual information in the superior colliculus. eLife, 9, e50678.

Nomura, M., Ohira, H., Haneda, K., Iidaka, T., Sadato, N., Okada, T., & Yonekura, Y. (2004). Functional association of the amygdala and ventral prefrontal cortex during cognitive evaluation of facial expressions primed by masked angry faces: An event-related fMRI study. NeuroImage, 21(1), 352-363.

Shang, C., Liu, Z., Chen, Z., Shi, Y., Wang, Q., Liu, S., Li, D., & Cao, P. (2015). A parvalbumin-positive excitatory visual pathway to trigger fear responses in mice. Science, 348(6242), 1472-1477.

嗅觉和味觉：如何帮我们理解化学世界

Buck, L., & Axel, R. (1991). A novel multigene family may encode odorant receptors: A molecular basis for odor recognition. Cell, 65(1), 175-187.

Bushdid, C., Magnasco, M. O., Vosshall, L. B., & Keller, A. (2014). Humans can discriminate more than 1 trillion olfactory stimuli. Science, 343(6177), 1370-1372.

Caterina, M. J., Schumacher, M. A., Tominaga, M., Rosen, T. A., Levine, J. D., & Julius, D. (1997). The capsaicin receptor: a heat-activated ion channel in the pain pathway. Nature, 389(6653), 816-824.

Chandrashekar, J., Hoon, M., Ryba, N., & Zuker, C. (2006). The receptors and cells for mammalian taste. Nature, 444, 288-294.

Jones, W. D., Cayirlioglu, P., Kadow, I. G., & Vosshall, L. B. (2007). Two chemosensory receptors together mediate carbon dioxide detection in Drosophila. Nature, 445(7123), 86-90.

Laugerette, F., Passilly-Degrace, P., Patris, B., Niot, I., Febbraio, M., Montmayeur, J. P., & Besnard, P. (2005). CD36 involvement in orosensory detection of dietary lipids, spontaneous fat preference, and digestive secretions. The Journal of Clinical Investigation, 115(11), 3177-3184.

Malnic, B., Godfrey, P. A., & Buck, L. B. (2004). The human olfactory receptor gene family. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 101(8), 2584-2589.

Papes, F., Logan, D. W., & Stowers, L. (2010). The vomeronasal organ mediates interspecies defensive behaviors through detection of protein pheromone homologs. Cell, 141(4), 692-703.

Spehr, M., Gisselmann, G., Poplawski, A., Riffell, J. A., Wetzel, C. H., Zimmer, R. K., & Hatt, H. (2003). Identification of a testicular odorant receptor mediating human sperm chemotaxis. Science, 299(5615), 2054-2058.

Stowers, L., Holy, T. E., Meister, M., Dulac, C., & Koentges, G. (2002). Loss of sex discrimination and male-male aggression in mice deficient for TRP2. Science, 295(5559), 1493-1500.

Suh, G. S., Wong, A. M., Hergarden, A. C., Wang, J. W., Simon, A. F., Benzer, S., Axel, R., & Anderson, D. J. (2004). A single population of olfactory sensory neurons mediates an innate avoidance behaviour in Drosophila. Nature, 431(7010), 854-859.

Yunker, A. G., Alves, J. M., Luo, S., Angelo, B., DeFendis, A., Pickering, T. A., Monterosso, J. R., & Page, K. A. (2021). Obesity and sex-related associations with differential effects of sucralose vs sucrose on appetite and reward processing: A randomized crossover trial. JAMA Network Open, 4(9), e2126313.

路径整合：我们如何知道自己身在何处

Giocomo, L. M., Stensola, T., Bonnevie, T., Van Cauter, T., Moser, M. B., & Moser, E. I. (2014). Topography of head direction cells in medial entorhinal cortex. Current Biology, 24(3), 252-262.

Hafting, T., Fyhn, M., Molden, S., Moser, M. B., & Moser, E. I. (2005). Microstructure of a spatial map in the entorhinal cortex. Nature, 436(7052), 801-806.

Hawkins, J., Lewis, M., Klukas, M., Purdy, S., & Ahmad, S. (2019). A framework for intelligence and cortical function based on grid cells in the neocortex. Frontiers in Neural Circuits, 12, 121.

Kropff, E., Carmichael, J. E., Moser, M. B., & Moser, E. I. (2015). Speed cells in the medial entorhinal cortex. Nature, 523(7561), 419-424.

O’Keefe, J. (1976). Place units in the hippocampus of the freely moving rat. Experimental Neurology, 51(1), 78-109.

O’Keefe, J., & Dostrovsky, J. (1971). The hippocampus as a spatial map. Preliminary evidence from unit activity in the freely-moving rat. Brain Research, 34(1), 171-175.

Solstad, T., Boccara, C. N., Kropff, E., Moser, M. B., & Moser, E. I. (2008). Representation of geometric borders in the entorhinal cortex. Science, 322(5909), 1865-1868.

Souman, J. L., Frissen, I., Sreenivasa, M. N., & Ernst, M. O. (2009). Walking straight into circles. Current Biology, 19(18), 1538-1542.

Wittlinger, M., Wehner, R., & Wolf, H. (2006). The ant odometer: Stepping on stilts and stumps. Science, 312(5782), 1965-1967.

Yartsev, M. M., & Ulanovsky, N. (2013). Representation of three-dimensional space in the hippocampus of flying bats. Science, 340(6130), 367-372.

肌肉：为什么机器人难以复制人的精细动作

Babuin, L., & Jaffe, A. S. (2005). Troponin: The biomarker of choice for the detection of cardiac injury. CMAJ: Canadian Medical Association Journal, 173(10), 1191-1202.

Berchtold, M. W., Brinkmeier, H., & Muntener, M. (2000). Calcium ion in skeletal muscle: Its crucial role for muscle function, plasticity, and disease. Physiological Reviews, 80(3), 1215-1265.

Henneman, E. (1957). Relation between size of neurons and their susceptibility to discharge. Science, 126(3287), 1345-1347.

Huxley, A. F., & Niedergerke, R. (1954). Structural changes in muscle during contraction: Interference microscopy of living muscle fibres. Nature, 173(4412), 971-973.

Huxley, H., & Hanson, J. (1954). Changes in the cross-striations of muscle during contraction and stretch and their structural interpretation. Nature, 173(4412), 973-976. Llewellyn, M. E., Thompson, K. R., Deisseroth, K., & Delp, S. L. (2010). Orderly recruitment of motor units under optical control in vivo. Nature Medicine, 16(10), 1161-1165. Lymn, R. W., & Taylor, E. W. (1971). Mechanism of adenosine triphosphate hydrolysis by actomyosin. Biochemistry, 10(25), 4617-4624. # 16 运动模式生成：肌肉之间如何相互协调 Clyne, J. D., & Miesenbock, G. (2008). Sex-specific control and tuning of the pattern generator for courtship song in Drosophila. Cell, 133(2), 354-363. Grillner, S., & Zangger, P. (1979). On the central generation of locomotion in the low spinal cat. Experimental Brain Research, 34(2), 241-261. Katz, P. S. (2016). Evolution of central pattern generators and rhythmic behaviours. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 371(1685), 20150057. Marder, E., & Bucher, D. (2001). Central pattern generators and the control of rhythmic movements. Current Biology, 11(23), R986-R996. Marder, E., & Bucher, D. (2007). Understanding circuit dynamics using the stomatogastric nervous system of lobsters and crabs. Annual Review of Physiology, 69, 291-316. Prinz, A. A., Bucher, D., & Marder, E. (2004). Similar network activity from disparate circuit parameters. Nature Neuroscience, 7(12), 1345-1352. Smith, J. C., Ellenberger, H. H., Ballanyi, K., Richter, D. W., & Feldman, J. L. (1991). Pre-Botzinger complex: A brainstem region that may generate respiratory rhythm in mammals. Science, 254(5032), 726-729. Talpalar, A. E., Bouvier, J., Borgius, L., Fortin, G., Pierani, A., & Kiehn, O. (2013). Dual-mode operation of neuronal networks involved in left-right alternation. Nature, 500(7460), 85-88. # 17 运动皮层：脑机接口技术的科学基础是什么 Chang, R. B., Strochlic, D. E., Williams, E. K., Umans, B. D., & Liberles, S. D. (2015). Vagal sensory neuron subtypes that differentially control breathing. Cell, 161(3), 622-633. Georgopoulos, A. P., Schwartz, A. B., & Kettner, R. E. (1986). Neuronal population coding of movement direction. Science, 233(4771), 1416-1419. Graziano, M. S., Taylor, C. S., & Moore, T. (2002). Complex movements evoked by microstimulation of precentral cortex. Neuron, 34(5), 841-851. Grodd, W., Hulsmann, E., Lotze, M., Wildgruber, D., & Erb, M. (2001). Sensorimotor mapping of the human cerebellum: fMRI evidence of somatotopic organization. Human Brain Mapping, 13(2), 55-73. Kennedy, P. R., & Bakay, R. A. (1998). Restoration of neural output from a paralyzed patient by a direct brain connection. NeuroReport, 9(8), 1707-1711. Musk, E., & Neuralink. (2019). An integrated brain-machine interface platform with thousands of channels. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 21(10), e16194. O’Keefe, J., & Dostrovsky, J. (1971). The hippocampus as a spatial map. Preliminary evidence from unit activity in the freely-moving rat. Brain Research, 34(1), 171-175.

Penfield, W., & Boldrey, E. (1937). Somatic motor and sensory representation in the cerebral cortex of man as studied by electrical stimulation. Brain, 60(4), 389-443.

Schieber, M. H., & Hibbard, L. S. (1993). How somatotopic is the motor cortex hand area? Science, 261(5120), 489-492.

Wessberg, J., Stambaugh, C. R., Kralik, J. D., Beck, P. D., Laubach, M., Chapin, J. K., Kim, J., Biggs, S. J., Srinivasan, M. A., & Nicolelis, M. A. (2000). Real-time prediction of hand trajectory by ensembles of cortical neurons in primates. Nature, 408(6810), 361-365.

小脑和基底核：如何保证运动指令的准确执行

Calabresi, P., Picconi, B., Tozzi, A., Ghiglieri, V., & Di Filippo, M. (2014). Direct and indirect pathways of basal ganglia: A critical reappraisal. Nature Neuroscience, 17(8), 1022-1030.

Chen, Y., Hong, Z., Wang, J., Liu, K., Liu, J., Lin, J., Feng, S., Zhang, T., Shan, L., Liu, T., Guo, P., Lin, Y., Li, T., Chen, Q., Jiang, X., Li, A., Li, X., Li, Y., Wilde, J. J., Bao, J., Dai, J., & Lu, Z. (2023). Circuit-specific gene therapy reverses core deficits in a mouse model of Parkinson’s disease. Gerfen, C. R., & Surmeier, D. J. (2011). Modulation of striatal projection systems by dopamine. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 34, 441-466.

Jin, X., Tecuapetla, F., & Costa, R. M. (2014). Basal ganglia subcircuits distinctively encode the parsing and concatenation of action sequences. Nature Neuroscience, 17(3), 423-430.

Kravitz, A. V., Freeze, B. S., Parker, P. R., Kay, K., Thwin, M. T., Deisseroth, K., & Kreitzer, A. C. (2010). Regulation of parkinsonian motor behaviours by optogenetic control of basal ganglia circuitry. Nature, 466(7306), 622-626.

Lo Buono, V., Luca Trombetta, M., Palmeri, R., Bonanno, L., Cartella, E., Di Lorenzo, G., Bramanti, P., Marino, S., & Corallo, F. (2021). Subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation and impulsivity in Parkinson’s disease: A descriptive review. Acta Neurologica Belgica, 121(4), 837-847.

Ntetsika, T., Papathoma, P. E., & Markaki, I. (2021). Novel targeted therapies for Parkinson’s disease. Molecular Medicine, 27(1), 17.

Scoville, W. B., & Milner, B. (1957). Loss of recent memory after bilateral hippocampal lesions. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, 20(1), 11-21.

Swanson, J. L., Chin, P. S., Romero, J. M., Srivastava, S., Ortiz-Guzman, J., Hunt, P. J., & Arenkiel, B. R. (2022). Advancements in the quest to map, monitor, and manipulate neural circuitry. Frontiers in Neural Circuits, 16, 886302.

学习：脑学到的是相关性还是因果性

Cevik, M. O. (2014). Habituation, sensitization, and Pavlovian conditioning. Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience, 8, 13.

Graham, G. (2023). Behaviorism. In E. N. Zalta & U. Nodelman (Eds.), The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2023 Edition).

Skinner, B. F. (1948). “Superstition” in the pigeon. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 38(2), 168-172.

Windholz, G. (1997). Ivan P. Pavlov: An overview of his life and psychological work. American Psychologist, 52(9), 941-946.

Xygalatas, D. (2022). What cargo cult rituals reveal about human nature. SAPIENS.

突触变化：学习究竟是如何发生的

Abel, T., Nguyen, P. V., Barad, M., Deuel, T. A. S., Kandel, E. R., & Bourtchouladze, R. (1997). Genetic demonstration of a role for PKA in the late phase of LTP and in hippocampus-dependent long-term memory. Cell, 88(5), 615-626.

Aso, Y., Hattori, D., Yu, Y., Johnston, R. M., Iyer, N. A., Ngo, T. T., Dionne, H., Abbott, L. F., Axel, R., Tanimoto, H., & Rubin, G. M. (2014). The neuronal architecture of the mushroom body provides a logic for associative learning. eLife, 3, e04577.

Bliss, T. V. P., & Lomo, T. (1973). Long-lasting potentiation of synaptic transmission in the dentate area of the anaesthetized rabbit following stimulation of the perforant path. The Journal of Physiology, 232(2), 331-356.

Castellucci, V. F., Pinsker, H., Kupfermann, I., & Kandel, E. R. (1970). Neuronal mechanisms of habituation and dishabituation of the gill-withdrawal reflex in Aplysia. Science, 167(3926), 1745-1748.

Claridge-Chang, A., Roorda, R. D., Vrontou, E., Sjulson, L., Li, H., Hirsh, J., & Miesenbock, G. (2009). Writing memories with light-addressable reinforcement circuitry. Cell, 139(2), 405-415.

Heisenberg, M. (2003). Mushroom body memoir: from maps to models. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 4(4), 266-275.

Kandel, E. R., & Tauc, L. (1965). Heterosynaptic facilitation in neurones of the abdominal ganglion of Aplysia depilans. The Journal of Physiology, 181(1), 1-27.

Langille, J. J., & Brown, R. E. (2018). The synaptic theory of memory: A historical survey and reconciliation of recent opposition. Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience, 12, 52.

Perisse, E., Yin, Y., Lin, A. C., Lin, S., Huetteroth, W., & Waddell, S. (2013). Different Kenyon cell populations drive learned approach and avoidance in Drosophila. Neuron, 79(5), 945-956.

Roberts, A. C., & Glanzman, D. L. (2003). Learning in Aplysia: Looking at synaptic plasticity from both sides. Trends in Neurosciences, 26(12), 662-670.

Tang, Y. P., Shimizu, E., Dube, G. R., Rampon, C., Kerchner, G. A., Zhuo, M., Liu, G., & Tsien, J. Z. (1999). Genetic enhancement of learning and memory in mice. Nature, 401(6748), 63-69.

Tsien, J. Z., Huerta, P. T., & Tonegawa, S. (1996). The essential role of hippocampal CA1 NMDA receptor-dependent synaptic plasticity in spatial memory. Cell, 87(7), 1327-1338.

Turner, G. C., Bazhenov, M., & Laurent, G. (2008). Olfactory representations by Drosophila mushroom body neurons. Journal of Neurophysiology, 99(2), 734-746.

预期差：为什么得到了奖赏还是不满足

Berridge, K. C., & Robinson, T. E. (1998). What is the role of dopamine in reward: hedonic impact, reward learning, or incentive salience? Brain Research Reviews, 28(3), 309-369.

Glimcher, P. W. (2011). Understanding dopamine and reinforcement learning: The dopamine reward prediction error hypothesis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 108(Suppl. 3), 15647-15654.

Moan, C. E., & Heath, R. G. (1972). Septal stimulation for the initiation of heterosexual behavior in a homosexual male. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 3(1), 23-26.

Nestler, E. J. (2005). Is there a common molecular pathway for addiction? Nature Neuroscience, 8(11), 1445-1449. Olds, J. (1958). Self-stimulation of the brain; its use to study local effects of hunger, sex, and drugs. Science, 127(3294), 315-324. Schultz, W., Dayan, P., & Montague, P. R. (1997). A neural substrate of prediction and reward. Science, 275(5306), 1593-1599. Schultz, W. (2016). Dopamine reward prediction error coding. Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience, 18(1), 23-32. Steinberg, E. E., Keiflin, R., Boivin, J. R., Witten, I. B., Deisseroth, K., & Janak, P. H. (2013). A causal link between prediction errors, dopamine neurons and learning. Nature Neuroscience, 16(7), 966-973.

高效学习：如何形成更持久的记忆

Flexner, L. B., Flexner, J. B., & Roberts, R. B. (1966). Stages of memory in mice treated with acetoxycycloheximide before or immediately after learning. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 56(2), 730-735. Frankland, P. W., Josselyn, S. A., & Kohler, S. (2019). The neurobiological foundation of memory retrieval. Nature Neuroscience, 22(10), 1576-1585. Garcia, J., Kimeldorf, D. J., & Koelling, R. A. (1955). Conditioned aversion to saccharin resulting from exposure to gamma radiation. Science, 122(3160), 157-158. Izquierdo, I., Medina, J. H., Vianna, M. R., Izquierdo, L. A., & Barros, D. M. (1999). Separate mechanisms for short- and long-term memory. Behavioural Brain Research, 103(1), 1-11. Kandel, E. R. (2001). The molecular biology of memory storage: A dialogue between genes and synapses. Science, 294(5544), 1030-1038. Lechner, H. A., Squire, L. R., & Byrne, J. H. (1999). 100 years of consolidation: Remembering Muiller and Pilzecker. Learning & Memory, 6(2), 77-87. Smolen, P., Zhang, Y., & Byrne, J. H. (2016). The right time to learn: Mechanisms and optimization of spaced learning. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 17(2), 77-88. Toader, A. C., Regalado, J. M., Li, Y. R., Terceros, A., Yadav, N., Kumar, S., Satow, S., Hollunder, F., Bonito-Oliva, A., & Rajasethupathy, P. (2023). Anteromedial thalamus gates the selection and stabilization of long-term memories. Cell, 186(7), 1369-1381.e17.

活的智能机器：什么是“鸡娃”的正确方式

Casey, B. J., Somerville, L. H., Gotlib, I. H., Ayduk, O., Franklin, N. T., Askren, M. K., Jonides, J., Berman, M. G., Wilson, N. L., Teslovich, T., Glover, G., Zayas, V., Mischel, W., & Shoda, Y. (2011). Behavioral and neural correlates of delay of gratification in the United States of America, 108(36), 14998-15003. Conti, G., Heckman, J., & Pinto, R. (2016). The effects of two influential early childhood interventions on health and healthy behaviour. Economic Journal, 126(596), F28-F65. Gao, Z., Wang, H., Lu, C., Lu, T., Froudist-Walsh, S., Chen, M., Wang, X. J., Hu, J., & Sun, W. (2021). The neural basis of delayed gratification. Science Advances, 7(49), eabg6611.

Han, Y., Yuan, M., Guo, Y. S., Shen, X. Y., Gao, Z. K., & Bi, X. (2022). The role of enriched environment in neural development and repair. Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience, 16, 890666.

Johnson, J. S., & Newport, E. L. (1989). Critical period effects in second language learning: The influence of maturational state on the acquisition of English as a second language. Cognitive Psychology, 21(1), 60-99.

Kidd, C., Palmeri, H., & Aslin, R. N. (2013). Rational snacking: Young children’s decision-making on the marshmallow task is moderated by beliefs about environmental reliability. Cognition, 126(1), 109-114.

Kim, K. H. S., Relkin, N. R., Lee, K.-M., & Hirsch, J. (1997). Distinct cortical areas associated with native and second languages. Nature, 388(6638), 171-174.

Mischel, W., Ebbesen, E. B., & Zeiss, A. R. (1972). Cognitive and attentional mechanisms in delay of gratification. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 21(2), 204-218.

Mischel, W., Shoda, Y., & Peake, P. K. (1988). The nature of adolescent competencies predicted by preschool delay of gratification. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54(4), 687-696.

Neef, N. A., Marckel, J., Ferreri, S. J., Bicard, D. F., Endo, S., Aman, M. G., Miller, K. M., Jung, S., Nist, L., & Armstrong, N. (2005). Behavioral assessment of impulsivity. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 38(1), 23-37.

Nicholas, J. G., & Geers, A. E. (2007). Will they catch up? The role of age at cochlear implantation in the spoken language development of children with severe to profound hearing loss. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 50(4), 1048-1062.

Pinkston, J. W., & Lamb, R. J. (2011). Delay discounting in C57BL/6J and DBA/2J mice: Adolescent-limited and life-persistent patterns of impulsivity. Behavioral Neuroscience, 125(2), 194-201.

Naglieri (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Child Behavior and Development (pp. 1460-1461). Springer.

Watts, T. W., Duncan, G. J., & Quan, H. (2018). Revisiting the marshmallow test: later outcomes. Psychological Science, 29(7), 1159-1177.

Wiesel, T. N., & Hubel, D. H. (1963). Effects of visual deprivation on morphology and physiology of cells in the cat’s lateral geniculate body. Journal of Neurophysiology, 26, 978-993.

理性和经验：人工智能未来会走向何方

Bastos, A. P. M., & Taylor, A. H. (2020). Kea show three signatures of domain-general statistical inference. Nature Communications, 11(1), 828.

Giurfa, M., Zhang, S., Jenett, A., Menzel, R., & Srinivasan, M. V. (2001). The concepts of ‘sameness’ and ‘difference’ in an insect. Nature, 410(6831), 930-933.

第四部分：拥有动物灵魂的脑

进食：为什么减肥那么困难

Aponte, Y., Atasoy, D., & Sternson, S. M. (2011). AGRP neurons are sufficient to orchestrate feeding behavior rapidly and without training. Nature Neuroscience, 14(3), 351-355.

de Araujo Salgado, I., Li, C., Burnett, C. J., Rodriguez Gonzalez, S., Becker, J. J., Horvath, A., Earnest, T., Kravitz, A. V., & Krashes, M. J. (2023). Toggling between food-seeking and self-preservation behaviors via hypothalamic response networks. Neuron, 111(18), 2899-2917.e6.

Denis, R. G. P., Joly-Amado, A., Webber, E., Langlet, F., Schaeffer, M., Padilla, S. L., Cansell, C., Dehouck, B., Castel, J., Delbes, A. S., Martinez, S., Lacombe, A., Rouch, C., Kassis, N., Fehrentz, J. A., Martinez, J., Verdie, P., Hnasko, T. S., Palmiter, R. D., Krashes, M. J., & Luquet, S. (2015). Palatability can drive feeding independent of AgRP neurons. Cell Metabolism, 22(4), 646-657.

Luquet, S., Perez, F. A., Hnasko, T. S., & Palmiter, R. D. (2005). NPY/AgRP neurons are essential for feeding in adult mice but can be ablated in neonates. Science, 310(5748), 683-685.

Obradovic, M., Sudar-Milovanovic, E., Soskic, S., Essack, M., Arya, S., Stewart, A. J., Gojobori, T., & Isenovic, E. R. (2021). Leptin and obesity: Role and clinical implication. Frontiers in Endocrinology, 12, 585887.

Timper, K., & Bruning, J. C. (2017). Hypothalamic circuits regulating appetite and energy homeostasis: Pathways to obesity. Disease Models & Mechanisms, 10(6), 679-689.

• 繁殖：男性与女性的想法有何不同

Allen, W. E., DeNardo, L. A., Chen, M. Z., Liu, C. D., Loh, K. M., Fenno, L. E., Ramakrishnan, C., Deisseroth, K., & Luo, L. (2017). Thirst-associated preoptic neurons encode an aversive motivational drive. Science, 357(6356), 1149-1155.

Bayless, D. W., Davis, C. O., Yang, R., Wei, Y., de Andrade Carvalho, V. M., Knoedler, J. R., Yang, T., Livingston, O., Lomvardas, A., Martins, G. J., Vicente, A. M., Ding, J. B., Luo, L., & Shah, N. M. (2023). A neural circuit for male sexual behavior and reward. Cell, 186(18), 3862-3881.e28.

Betley, J. N., Xu, S., Cao, Z. F. H., Gong, R., Magnus, C. J., Yu, Y., & Sternson, S. M. (2015). Neurons for hunger and thirst transmit a negative-valence teaching signal. Nature, 521(7551), 180-185.

Chen, Y., Lin, Y. C., Zimmerman, C. A., Essner, R. A., & Knight, Z. A. (2016). Hunger neurons drive feeding through a sustained, positive reinforcement signal. eLife, 5, e18640.

Fang, Y. Y., Yamaguchi, T., Song, S. C., Tritsch, N. X., & Lin, D. (2018). A hypothalamic-midbrain pathway essential for driving maternal behaviors. Neuron, 98(1), 192-207.e10.

Forster, L. M. (1992). The stereotyped behavior of sexual cannibalism in Latrodectus hasselti Thorell (Araneae: Therididae), the Australian redback spider. Australian Journal of Zoology, 40(1), 1-11.

GBD 2021 Fertility and Forecasting Collaborators. (2024). Global fertility in 204 countries and territories, 1950-2021, with forecasts to 2100: A comprehensive demographic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. The Lancet, 403(10440), 2057-2099.

Herbenick, D., Rosenberg, M., Golzarri-Arroyo, L., Fortenberry, J. D., & Fu, T. C. (2022). Changes in penile-vaginal intercourse frequency and sexual repertoire from 2009 to 2018: Findings from the National Survey of Sexual Health and Behavior. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 51(3), 1419-1433. Miller, G., Tybur, J. M., & Jordan, B. D. (2007). Ovulatory cycle effects on tip earnings by lap dancers: Economic evidence for human estrus? Evolution and Human Behavior, 28, 375-381.

睡眠：人为何总在特定时间入睡

Aschoff, J. (1965). Circadian rhythms in man: A self-sustained oscillator with an inherent frequency underlies human 24-hour periodicity. Science, 148(3676), 1427-1432. He, Y., Jones, C. R., Fujiki, N., Xu, Y., Guo, B., Holder, J. L., Jr., Rossner, M. J., Nishino, S., & Fu, Y.-H. (2009). The transcriptional repressor DEC2 regulates sleep length in mammals. Science, 325(5942), 866-870. Jiang-Xie, L.-F., Drieu, A., Bhasiin, R., Quintero, D., Smirnov, I., & Kipnis, J. (2024). Neuronal dynamics direct cerebrospinal fluid perfusion and brain clearance. Nature, 627(8002), 157-164. King, D. P., Vitaterna, M. H., Chang, A. M., Dove, W. F., Pinto, L. H., Turek, F. W., & Takahashi, J. S. (1997). The mouse Clock mutation behaves as an antimorph and maps within the W(19h) deletion, distal of Kit. Genetics, 146(3), 1049-1060. Konopka, R. J., & Benzer, S. (1971). Clock mutants of Drosophila melanogaster. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 68(9), 2112-2116. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. (2022, June 15). Sleep deprivation and health. Retrieved from https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/sleep-deprivation/health-effects Shi, G., Xing, L., Wu, D., Bhattacharyya, B. J., Jones, C. R., McMahon, T., Chong, S. Y. C., Chen, J. A., Coppola, G., Geschwind, D., Krystal, A., Ptacek, L. J., & Fu, Y.-H. (2019). A rare mutation of β1-adrenergic receptor affects sleep/wake behaviors. Neuron, 103(6), 1044-1055.e7. Wilson, M. A., & McNaughton, B. L. (1994). Reactivation of hippocampal ensemble memories during sleep. Science, 265(5172), 676-679. Yamaguchi, Y., Suzuki, T., Mizoro, Y., Kori, H., Okada, K., Chen, Y., Fustin, J.-M., Yamazaki, F., Mizuguchi, N., Zhang, J., Dong, X., Tsujimoto, G., Okuno, Y., Doi, M., & Okamura, H. (2013). Mice genetically deficient in vasopressin V1a and V1b receptors are resistant to jet lag. Science, 342(6154), 85-90.

友好型社交：我们为什么喜欢“抱团取暖”

Blumenthal, S. A., & Young, L. J. (2023). The neurobiology of love and pair bonding from human and animal perspectives. Biology, 12(6). Dupanloup, I., Pereira, L., Bertorelle, G., Calafell, F., Prata, M. J., Amorim, A., & Barbujani, G. (2003). A recent shift from polygyny to monogamy in humans is suggested by the analysis of worldwide Y-chromosome diversity. Nature Genetics, 57(1), 85-97. Elias, L. J., Succi, I. K., Schaffler, M. D., Foster, W. R., Gradwell, M. A., Bohic, M., … Abdus-Saboor, I. (2023). Touch neurons underlying dopaminergic pleasurable touch and sexual receptivity. Cell, 186(3), 577-590.e16.

Feng, C., Wang, Y., Zha, X., Cao, H., Huang, S., Cao, D., … Zhang, Z. (2022). Cold-sensitive ventromedial hypothalamic neurons control homeostatic thermogenesis and social interaction-associated hyperthermia. Cell Metabolism, 34(6), 888-901.e5. Fisher, H., Aron, A., & Brown, L. L. (2005). Romantic love: An fMRI study of a neural mechanism for mate choice. Journal of Comparative Neurology, 493(1), 58-62. Harlow, H. F. (1958). The nature of love. American Psychologist, 13(12), 673-685. Hu, R. K., Zuo, Y., Ly, T., Wang, J., Meera, P., Wu, Y. E., & Hong, W. (2021). An amygdala-to-hypothalamus circuit for social reward. Nature Neuroscience, 24(6), 831-842. Insel, T. R., & Hulihan, T. J. (1995). A gender-specific mechanism for pair bonding: Oxytocin and partner preference formation in monogamous voles. Behavioral Neuroscience, 109(4), 782-789. Liu, B., Qiao, L., Liu, K., Liu, J., Piccinni-Ash, T. J., & Chen, Z.-F. (2022). Molecular and neural basis of pleasant touch sensation in mice. Science, 376(6592), 483-491. Marquez, C., Rennie, S. M., Costa, D. F., & Moita, M. A. (2015). Prosocial choice in rats depends on food-seeking behavior displayed by recipients. Current Biology, 25(13), 1736-1745. Schacht, R., & Kramer, K. L. (2019). Are we monogamous? A review of the evolution of pair bonding in humans. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, 7, 230. Walum, H., Westberg, L., Henningsson, S., & Lichtenstein, P. (2008). Genetic variation in the vasopressin receptor 1a gene (AVPR1A) associates with pair-bonding behavior in humans. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 105(37), 14153-14156.

敌对型社交：如何抑制自己的攻击本能

Falkner, A. L., Grosenick, L., Davidson, T. J., Deisseroth, K., & Lin, D. (2016). Hypothalamic control of male aggression-seeking behavior. Nature Neuroscience, 19(4), 596-604. Karigo, T., Kennedy, A., Yang, B., Liu, M., Tai, D., Wahle, I. A., & Anderson, D. J. (2021). Distinct hypothalamic control of same- and opposite-sex mounting behavior in mice. Nature, 589(7841), 258-263. Kelly, R. C. (2005). The evolution of lethal intergroup violence. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 102(43), 15294-15298. Lin, D., Boyle, M. P., Dollar, P., Lee, H., Lein, E. S., Perona, P., & Anderson, D. J. (2011). Functional identification of an aggression locus in the mouse hypothalamus. Nature, 470(7333), 221-226. Remedios, R., Kennedy, A., Zelikowsky, M., Grewe, B. F., Schnitzer, M. J., & Anderson, D. J. (2017). Social behaviour shapes hypothalamic neural ensemble representations of conspecific sex. Nature, 550(7676), 388-392. Stowers, L., Holy, T. E., Meister, M., Dulac, C., & Koentges, G. (2002). Loss of sex discrimination and male-male aggression in mice deficient for TRP2. Science, 295(5559), 1493-1500. Takahashi, A. (2025). The role of social isolation stress in escalated aggression in rodent models. Neuroscience Research, 211, 75-84.

情绪：从脑产生还是从身体产生

Adolphs, R., Tranel, D., Damasio, H., & Damasio, A. (1994). Impaired recognition of emotion in facial expressions following bilateral damage to the human amygdala. Nature, 372(6507), 669-672.

Davis, J. I., Senghas, A., Brandt, F., & Ochsner, K. N. (2010). The effects of BOTOX injections on emotional experience. Emotion (Washington, D.C.), 10(3), 433-440. Davis, M. (1992). The role of the amygdala in fear and anxiety. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 15(1), 353-375. Dutton, D. G., & Aron, A. P. (1974). Some evidence for heightened sexual attraction under conditions of high anxiety. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 30(4), 510-517. Hsueh, B., Chen, R., Jo, Y., Tang, D., Raffiee, M., Kim, Y. S., Inoue, M., Randles, S., Ramakrishnan, C., Patel, S., Kim, D. K., Liu, T. X., Kim, S. H., Tan, L., Mortazavi, L., Cordero, A., Shi, J., Zhao, M., Ho, T. T., … Deisseroth, K. (2023). Cardiogenic control of affective behavioural state. Nature (London), 615(7951), 292-299. Schachter, S., & Singer, J. (1962). Cognitive, social, and physiological determinants of emotional state. Psychological Review, 69(5), 379-399. Soussignan, R. (2002). Duchenne smile, emotional experience, and autonomic reactivity: A test of the facial feedback hypothesis. Emotion, 2(1), 52-74. # 31 价值：人类为何需要情绪 Anderson, D. J., & Adolphs, R. (2014). A framework for studying emotions across phylogeny. Cell, 157(1), 187-200. Fan, Z., Chang, J., Liang, Y., Zhu, H., Zhang, C., Zheng, D., Wang, J., Xu, Y., Li, Q. J., & Hu, H. (2023). Neural mechanism underlying depressive-like state associated with social status loss. Cell, 186(3), 560-576.e17. Gibson, W. T., Gonzalez, C. R., Fernandez, C., Ramasamy, L., Tabachnik, T., Du, R. R., Felsen, P. D., Maire, M. R., Perona, P., & Anderson, D. J. (2015). Behavioral responses to a repetitive visual threat stimulus express a persistent state of defensive arousal in Drosophila. Current Biology, 25(11), 1401-1415. Godinho, R. M., Spikins, P., & O’Higgins, P. (2018). Supraorbital morphology and social dynamics in human evolution. Nature Ecology & Evolution, 2(6), 956-961. Gonzalez-Liencres, C., Juckel, G., Tas, C., Friebe, A., & Brune, M. (2014). Emotional contagion in mice: The role of familiarity. Behavioural Brain Research, 263, 16-21. Chen, Q., & Panksepp, J. (2009). Emotional contagion and prosocial behavior in rodents. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 26(8), 688-706. Komori, T., Makinodan, M., & Kishimoto, T. (2019). Social status and modern-type depression: A review. Brain and Behavior, 9(12), e01464. LeDoux, J. E. (1996). The emotional brain: The mysterious underpinnings of emotional life. Simon & Schuster. Lebestky, T., Chang, J. S., Dankert, H., Zelnik, L., Kim, Y. C., Han, K. A., Perona, P., & Anderson, D. J. (2009). Two different forms of arousal in Drosophila are independently and oppositely regulated by the dopamine D1 receptor DopR via distinct neural circuits. Neuron, 64(4), 522-536. Cacioppo, J. T., & Petty, R. E. (1982). The need for cognition. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 42(1), 116-131. Price, J. (1967). The dominance hierarchy and the evolution of mental illness. The Lancet, 290(7509), 243-246. Schmidt, K. L., & Cohn, J. F. (2001). Human facial expressions as adaptations: Evolutionary questions in facial expression research. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, Suppl 33, 3-24.

Tee, L. F., Young, J. J., Maruyama, K., Kimura, S., Suzuki, R., Endo, Y., & Kimura, K. D. (2023). Electric shock causes a fear-like persistent behavioral response in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Genetics, 225(2), iyad148. Yang, B., Sanches-Padilla, J., Kondapalli, J., Morison, S. L., Delpire, E., Awatramani, R., & Surmeier, D. J. (2021). Locus coeruleus anchors a trisynaptic circuit controlling fear-induced suppression of feeding. Neuron, 109(5), 823-838.e6.

危险：如何应对恐惧和焦虑

Donovan, B. (2019). The science of risk: How a neuroscientist and professional climber learned from one another. The Medical University of South Carolina. Gozzi, A., Jain, A., Giovannelli, A., Bertollini, C., Crestan, V., Schwarz, A. J., Tsetsenis, T., Ragozzino, D., Gross, C. T., & Bifone, A. (2010). A neural switch for active and passive fear. Neuron, 67(4), 656-666. Jansen, A. S. P., Nguyen, X. V., Karpitskiy, V., Mettenleiter, T. C., & Loewy, A. D. (1995). Central command neurons of the sympathetic nervous system: Basis of the fight-or-flight response. Science, 270(5236), 644-646. Jhang, J., Lee, H., Kang, M. S., Lee, H. S., Park, H., & Han, J. H. (2018). Anterior cingulate cortex and its input to the basolateral amygdala control innate fear response. Nature Communications, 9(1), 2744. Jung, W. H., Lee, S., Lerman, C., & Kable, J. W. (2018). Amygdala functional and structural connectivity predicts individual risk tolerance. Neuron, 98(2), 394-404. Monfils, M. H., Cowansage, K. K., Klann, E., & LeDoux, J. E. (2009). Extinction-reconsolidation boundaries: Key to persistent attenuation of fear memories. Science, 324(5929), 951-955. Papes, F., Logan, D. W., & Stowers, L. (2010). The vomeronasal organ mediates interspecies defensive behaviors through detection of protein pheromone homologs. Cell, 141(4), 692-703. Seo, C., Guru, A., Jin, M., Ito, B., Sleezer, B. J., Ho, Y.-Y., Wang, E., Boada, C., Krupa, N. A., Kullakanda, D. S., Shen, C. X., & Warden, M. R. (2019). Intense threat switches dorsal raphe serotonin neurons to a paradoxical operational mode. Science, 363(6426), 538-542. Takahashi, L. K., Chan, M. M., & Pilar, M. L. (2008). Predator odor fear conditioning: Current perspectives and new directions. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 32(7), 1218-1227. Zeidan, F., Martucci, K. T., Kraft, R. A., McHaffie, J. G., & Coghill, R. C. (2014). Neural correlates of mindfulness meditation-related anxiety relief. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 9(6), 751-759.

快乐：抑郁症的脑科学基础是什么

Berridge, K. C. (2009). Wanting and liking: Observations from the neuroscience and psychology laboratory. Inquiry (Oslo), 52(4), 378. Coppen, A. (1967). The biochemistry of affective disorders. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 113(504), 1237-1264.

Daskalakis, N. P., Iatrou, A., Chatzinakos, C., Jajoo, A., Snijders, C., Wylie, D., DiPietro, C. P., Tsatsani, I., Chen, C. Y., Pernia, C. D., Soliva-Estruch, M., Arasappan, D., Bharadwaj, R. A., Collado-Torres, L., Wuchty, S., Alvarez, V. E., Dammer, E. B., Deep-Soboslay, A., Duong, D. M., Eagles, N., … PTSD Working Group of the MDD across brain regions, cell types, and blood. Science, 384(6698), eadh3707.

Davila Ross, M., Owren, M. J., & Zimmermann, E. (2009). Reconstructing the evolution of laughter in great apes and humans. Current Biology, 19(13), 1106-1111.

Kringelbach, M. L., & Berridge, K. C. (2010). The functional neuroanatomy of pleasure and happiness. Discovery Medicine, 9(49), 579-587.

Li, Y., Zhong, W., Wang, D., Feng, Q., Liu, Z., Zhou, J., Jia, C., Hu, F., Zeng, J., Guo, Q., Fu, L., & Luo, M. (2016). Serotonin neurons in the dorsal raphe nucleus encode reward signals. Nature Communications, 7, 10503.

Shadrina, M., Bondarenko, E. A., & Slominsky, P. A. (2018). Genetics factors in major depression disease. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 9, 334.

Soares, C. N., & Zitek, B. (2008). Reproductive hormone sensitivity and risk for depression across the female life cycle: A continuum of vulnerability? Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience, 33(4), 331-343.

Wang, S.-K., Feng, M., Fang, Y., Lv, L., Sun, G.-L., Yang, S.-L., Guo, P., Cheng, S.-F., Qian, M.-C., & Chen, H.-X. (2023). Psychological trauma, posttraumatic stress disorder and trauma-related depression: A mini-review. World Journal of Psychiatry, 13(6), 331-339.

Wei, C., Han, X., Weng, D., Feng, Q., Qi, X., Li, J., & Luo, M. (2018). Response dynamics of midbrain dopamine neurons and serotonin neurons to heroin, nicotine, cocaine, and MDMA. Cell Discovery, 4, 60.

34 两性：动物灵魂是否存在性别差异

Alexander, G. M., Wilcox, T., & Farmer, M. E. (2009). Hormone-behavior associations in early infancy. Hormones and Behavior, 56(5), 498-502.

Allen, L. S., Hines, M., Shryne, J. E., & Gorski, R. A. (1989). Two sexually dimorphic cell groups in the human brain. The Journal of Neuroscience, 9(2), 497-506.

Cherney, I. D., Bersted, K., & Smetter, J. (2014). Training spatial skills in men and women. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 119(1), 82-99.

Eliot, L., Ahmed, A., Khan, H., & Patel, J. (2021). Dump the “dimorphism”: Comprehensive synthesis of human brain studies reveals few male-female differences beyond size. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 125, 667-697.

Hassett, J. M., Siebert, E. R., & Wallen, K. (2008). Sex differences in rhesus monkey toy preferences parallel those of children. Hormones and Behavior, 54(3), 359-364.

Ingalhalikar, M., Smith, A., Parker, D., Satterthwaite, T. D., Elliott, M. A., Ruparel, K., Hakonarson, H., Gur, R. E., Gur, R. C., & Verma, R. (2014). Sex differences in the structural connectome of the human brain. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 111(2), 823-828.

Juntti, S. A., Tollkuhn, J., Wu, M. V., Fraser, E. J., Soderborg, T., Tan, S., Honda, S., Harada, N., & Shah, N. M. (2010). The androgen receptor governs the execution, but not programming, of male sexual and territorial behaviors. Neuron, 66(2), 260-272. Kahlenberg, S. M., & Wrangham, R. W. (2010). Sex differences in chimpanzees’ use of sticks as play objects resemble those of children. Current Biology, 20(24), R1067-R1068. Masters, M. S., & Sanders, B. (1993). Is the gender difference in mental rotation disappearing? Behavior Genetics, 23, 337-341. Milad, M. R., Goldstein, J. M., Orr, S. P., Wedig, M. M., Klibanski, A., Pitman, R. K., & Rauch, S. L. (2006). Fear conditioning and extinction: Influence of sex and menstrual cycle in healthy humans. Behavioral Neuroscience, 120(6), 1196-1203. Ritchie, S. J., Cox, S. R., Shen, X., Lombardo, M. V., Reus, L. M., Alloza, C., Harris, M. A., Alderson, H. L., Hunter, S., Neilson, E., Liewald, D. C. M., Auyeung, B., Whalley, H. C., Lawrie, S. M., Gale, C. R., Bastin, M. E., McIntosh, A. M., & Deary, I. J. (2018). Sex differences in the adult human brain: Evidence from 5216 UK Biobank participants. Cerebral Cortex, 28(8), 2959-2975. Sinclair, A., Berta, P., Palmer, M., Hawkins, J. R., Griffiths, B. L., Smith, M. J., Foster, J. W., Frischauf, A. M., Lovell-Badge, R., & Goodfellow, P. N. (1990). A gene from the human sex-determining region encodes a protein with homology to a conserved DNA-binding motif. Nature, 346, 240-244. Swaab, D. F. (1992). Gender and sexual orientation in relation to hypothalamic structures. Hormone Research, 38, 51-61. Unger, E. K., Burke, K. J., Jr., Yang, C. F., Bender, K. J., Fuller, P. M., & Shah, N. M. (2015). Medial amygdalar aromatase neurons regulate aggression in both sexes. Cell Reports, 10(4), 453-462. Wu, M. V., Manoli, D. S., Fraser, E. J., Coats, J. K., Tollkuhn, J., Honda, S., Harada, N., & Shah, N. M. (2009). Estrogen masculinizes neural pathways and sex-specific behaviors. Cell, 139(1), 61-72. Yang, C. F., Chiang, M. C., Gray, D. C., Prabhakaran, M., Alvarado, M., Juntti, S. A., Unger, E. K., Wells, J. A., & Shah, N. M. (2013). Sexually dimorphic neurons in the ventromedial hypothalamus. Cell, 153(4), 896-909. Zell, E., Krizan, Z., & Teeter, S. R. (2015). Evaluating gender similarities and differences using metasynthesis. The American Psychologist, 70(1), 10-20.

第五部分 拥有理性的脑

35 人类语言：我们如何发明和表达思想 Bolhuis, J. J., Tattersall, I., Chomsky, N., & Berwick, R. C. (2014). How could language have evolved? PLOS Biology, 12(8), e1001934. Embick, D., Marantz, A., Miyashita, Y., O’Neil, W., & Sakai, K. L. (2000). A syntactic specialization for Broca’s area. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 97(11), 6150-6154. Friederici, A. D., Chomsky, N., Berwick, R. C., Moro, A., & Bolhuis, J. J. (2017). Language, mind and brain. Nature Human Behaviour, 1, 713-722. Hess, E. (2008). Nim Chimpsky: The chimp who would be human. Bantam Books.

Klein, C. C., Berger, P., Goucha, T., Friederici, A. D., & Grosse Wiesmann, C. (2023). Children’s syntax is supported by the maturation of BA44 at 4 years, but of the posterior STS at 3 years of age. Cerebral Cortex, 33(9), 5426-5435. Musso, M., Moro, A., Glauche, V., Rijntjes, M., Reichenbach, J., Büchel, C., & Weiller, C. (2003). Broca’s area and the language instinct. Nature Neuroscience, 6, 774-781. Rasmussen, T., & Milner, B. (1977). The role of early left-brain injury in determining lateralization of cerebral speech functions. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 299, 355-369. Sahin, N. T., Pinker, S., Cash, S. S., Schomer, D., & Halgren, E. (2009). Sequential processing of lexical, grammatical, and phonological information within Broca’s area. Science, 326(5951), 445-449. Sakel, J. (2012). Acquiring complexity: The Portuguese of some Pirahã men. Linguistic Discovery, 10(1), 75-88. Trettenbrein, P. C., Papitto, G., Friederici, A. D., & Zaccarella, E. (2021). Functional neuroanatomy of language without speech: An ALE meta-analysis of sign language. Human Brain Mapping, 42(3), 699-712.

时光旅行：人脑如何预测未来

Addis, D. R., Wong, A. T., & Schacter, D. L. (2007). Remembering the past and imagining the future: common and distinct neural substrates during event construction and elaboration. Neuropsychologia, 45(7), 1363-1377. Anelli, F., Ciaramelli, E., Arzy, S., & Frassinetti, F. (2016). Age-related effects on future mental time travel. Neural Plasticity, 2016, 1867270. Bari, A., & Robbins, T. W. (2013). Inhibition and impulsivity: Behavioral and neural basis of response control. Progress in Neurobiology, 108, 44-79. Beran, M. J. (2002). Maintenance of self-imposed delay of gratification by four chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). The Journal of General Psychology, 129(1), 49-66. Clayton, N. S., & Dickinson, A. (1998). Episodic-like memory during cache recovery by scrub jays. Nature, 395(6699), 272-274. Correia, S. P., Dickinson, A., & Clayton, N. S. (2007). Western scrub-jays anticipate future needs independently of their current motivational state. Current Biology, 17(10), 856-861. D’Argembeau, A., Renaud, O., & Van der Linden, M. (2011). Frequency, characteristics and functions of future-oriented thoughts in daily life. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 25(1), 96-103. Evans, T. A., Beran, M. J., Paglieri, F., & Addessi, E. (2012). Delaying gratification for food and tokens in capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella) and chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes): When quantity is salient, symbolic stimuli do not improve performance. Animal Cognition, 15(4), 539-548. Foster, D., & Wilson, M. (2006). Reverse replay of behavioural sequences in hippocampal place cells during the awake state. Nature, 440, 680-683. Howe, M. W., Tierney, P. L., Sandberg, S. G., Phillips, P. E., & Graybiel, A. M. (2013). Prolonged dopamine signalling in striatum signals proximity and value of distant rewards. Nature, 500(7464), 575-579. Johnson, A., & Redish, A. D. (2007). Neural ensembles in CA3 transiently encode paths forward of the animal at a decision point. The Journal of Neuroscience, 27(45), 12176-12189.

Levine, B. (2004). Autobiographical memory and the self in time: Brain lesion effects, functional neuroanatomy, and lifespan development. Brain and Cognition, 55(1), 54-68. McCormick, C., Rosenthal, C. R., Miller, T. D., & Maguire, E. A. (2018). Mind-wandering in people with hippocampal damage. The Journal of Neuroscience, 38(11), 2745-2754. Okuda, J., Fujii, T., Ohtake, H., Tsukiura, T., Tanji, K., Suzuki, K., Kawashima, R., Fukuda, H., Itoh, M., & Yamadori, A. (2003). Thinking of the future and past: The roles of the frontal pole and the medial temporal lobes. NeuroImage, 19(4), 1369-1380. Osvath, M. (2009). Spontaneous planning for future stone throwing by a male chimpanzee. Current Biology, 19(5), R190-R191. Pfeiffer, B. E., & Foster, D. J. (2013). Hippocampal place-cell sequences depict future paths to remembered goals. Nature, 497(7447), 74-79. Raby, C. R., Alexis, D. M., Dickinson, A., & Clayton, N. S. (2007). Planning for the future by western scrub-jays. Nature, 445(7130), 919-921. Suddendorf, T., & Corballis, M. C. (1997). Mental time travel and the evolution of the human mind. Genetic, Social, and General Psychology Monographs, 123(2), 133-167. Tromp, D., Dufour, A., Lithfous, S., Pebayle, T., & Després, O. (2015). Episodic memory in normal aging and Alzheimer disease: Insights from imaging and behavioral studies. Ageing Research Reviews, 24(Pt B), 232-262. Viard, A., Chetelat, G., Lebreton, K., Desgranges, B., Landeau, B., de La Sayette, V., Eustache, F., & Piolino, P. (2011). Mental time travel into the past and the future in healthy aged adults: An fMRI study. Brain and Cognition, 75(1), 1-9.

理性：人脑如何理解复杂世界

Bell, A. H., Summerfield, C., Morin, E. L., Malecek, N. J., & Ungerleider, L. G. (2016). Encoding of stimulus probability in macaque inferior temporal cortex. Current Biology, 26(17), 2280-2290. Sciences, 25(10), 883-895. Coutanche, M. N., & Thompson-Schill, S. L. (2015). Creating concepts from converging features in human cortex. Cerebral Cortex, 25(9), 2584-2593. Diekhof, E. K., & Gruber, O. (2010). When desire collides with reason: Functional interactions between anteroventral prefrontal cortex and nucleus accumbens underlie the human ability to resist impulsive desires. The Journal of Neuroscience, 30(4), 1488-1493. Funamizu, A., Kuhn, B., & Doya, K. (2016). Neural substrate of dynamic Bayesian inference in the cerebral cortex. Nature Neuroscience, 19, 1682-1689. Gospic, K., Mohlin, E., Fransson, P., Petrovic, P., Johannesson, M., & Ingvar, M. (2011). Limbic justice—Amygdala involvement in immediate rejection in the Ultimatum Game. PLOS Biology, 9(5), e1001054. Greene, J. D., Nystrom, L. E., Engell, A. D., Darley, J. M., & Cohen, J. D. (2004). The neural bases of cognitive conflict and control in moral judgment. Neuron, 44(2), 389-400. Greene, J. D., Sommerville, R. B., Nystrom, L. E., Darley, J. M., & Cohen, J. D. (2001). An fMRI investigation of emotional engagement in moral judgment. Science, 293, 2105-2108.

Handjaras, G., Ricciardi, E., Leo, A., Lenci, A., Cecchetti, L., Cosottini, M., Marotta, G., & Pietrini, P. (2016). How concepts are encoded in the human brain: A modulatory view on object-specificity. NeuroImage, 135, 232-242. Harbaugh, W. T., Mayr, U., & Burghart, D. R. (2007). Neural responses to taxation and voluntary giving reveal motives for charitable donations. Science, 316(5831), 1622-1625. Henrich, J., Boyd, R., Bowles, S., Camerer, C., Fehr, E., Gintis, H., McElreath, R., Alvard, M., Barr, A., Ensminger, J., Henrich, N. S., Hill, K., Gil-White, F., Gurven, M., Marlowe, F. W., Patton, J. Q., & Tracer, D. (2005). “Economic man” in cross-cultural perspective: Behavioral experiments in 15 small-scale societies. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 28(6), 795-855. Jeurissen, D., Sack, A. T., Roebroeck, A., Russ, B. E., & Pascual-Leone, A. (2014). TMS affects moral judgment, showing the role of DLPFC and TPJ in cognitive and emotional processing. Frontiers in Neuroscience, 8, 18. Koenigs, M., Young, L., Adolphs, R., Tranel, D., Cushman, F., Hauser, M., & Damasio, A. (2007). Damage to the prefrontal cortex increases utilitarian moral judgements. Nature, 446, 908-911. Quiroga, R. Q., Reddy, L., Kreiman, G., & Koch, C. (2005). Invariant visual representation by single neurons in the human brain. Nature, 435, 1102-1107. Shenhav, A., & Greene, J. D. (2014). Integrative moral judgment: Dissociating the roles of the amygdala and ventromedial prefrontal cortex. The Journal of Neuroscience, 34(13), 4741-4749. Striem-Amit, E., Wang, X., Bi, Y., & Caramazza, A. (2018). Neural representation of visual concepts in people born blind. Nature Communications, 9, 5250. Zheng, H., Lu, X., & Huang, D. (2018). tDCS over DLPFC leads to less utilitarian response in moral-personal judgment. Frontiers in Neuroscience, 12, 193.

自我意识：如何回答人生的终极问题

Bertenthal, B. I., & Fischer, K. W. (1978). Development of self-recognition in the infant. Developmental Psychology, 14(1), 44-50. Cammaerts Tricot, M. C., & Cammaerts, R. (2015). Are ants (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) capable of self-recognition? Journal of Science, 5(7), 521-532. Dunphy-Lelii, S., & Wellman, H. M. (2012). Delayed self-recognition in autism: A unique difficulty? Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 6(1), 212-223. Gallup, G. G., Jr. (1970). Chimpanzees: Self-recognition. Science, 167, 86-87. Gazzaniga, M. S. (2000). Cerebral specialization and interhemispheric communication: Does the corpus callosum enable the human condition? Brain: A Journal of Neurology, 123(Pt 7), 1293-1326. Gusnard, D. A., Akbudak, E., Shulman, G. L., & Raichle, M. E. (2001). Medial prefrontal cortex and self-referential mental activity: Relation to a default mode of brain function. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 98(7), 4259-4264. Kelley, W. M., Macrae, C. N., Wyland, C. L., Caglar, S., Inati, S., & Heatherton, T. F. (2002). Finding the self? An event-related fMRI study. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 14(5), 785-794.

Keysers, C., & Gazzola, V. (2010). Social neuroscience: Mirror neurons recorded in humans. Current Biology, 20(8), R353-R354.

Merker, B. (2007). Consciousness without a cerebral cortex: A challenge for neuroscience and medicine. The Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 30(1), 63-134.

Mitchell, P., & Lacohee, H. (1991). Children’s early understanding of false belief. Cognition, 39(2), 107-127.

Philippi, C. L., Duff, M. C., Denburg, N. L., Tranel, D., & Rudrauf, D. (2012). Medial PFC damage abolishes the self-reference effect. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 24(2), 475-481.

Rizzolatti, G., & Fabbri-Destro, M. (2010). Mirror neurons: From discovery to autism. Experimental Brain Research, 200, 223-237.

Rochat, P. (2003). Five levels of self-awareness as they unfold early in life. Consciousness and Cognition, 12(4), 717-731.

Wellman, H. M., Cross, D., & Watson, J. (2001). Meta-analysis of theory-of-mind development: The truth about false belief. Child Development, 72(3), 655-684.

自由意志：是人的尊严还是脑的幻觉

Baumeister, R. F., Masicampo, E. J., & Dewall, C. N. (2009). Prosocial benefits of feeling free: Disbelief in free will increases aggression and reduces helpfulness. Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin, 35(2), 260-268.

Dorfman, H. M., Bhui, R., Hughes, B. L., & Gershman, S. J. (2019). Causal inference about good and bad outcomes. Psychological Science, 30(4), 516-525.

Fried, I., Mukamel, R., & Kreiman, G. (2011). Internally generated preactivation of single neurons in human medial frontal cortex predicts volition. Neuron, 69(3), 548-562.

Libet, B., Gleason, C. A., Wright, E. W., & Pearl, D. K. (1983). Time of conscious intention to act in relation to onset of cerebral activity (readiness-potential): The unconscious initiation of a freely voluntary act. Brain: A Journal of Neurology, 106(Pt 3), 623-642.

Schultze-Kraft, M., Birman, D., Rusconi, M., Allefeld, C., Gorgen, K., Dahne, S., Blankertz, B., & Haynes, J. D. (2016). The point of no return in vetoing self-initiated movements. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 113(4), 1080-1085.

Soon, C., Brass, M., Heinze, H. J., & Haynes, J. D. (2008). Unconscious determinants of free decisions in the human brain. Nature Neuroscience, 11, 543-545.

Soon, C. S., He, A. H., Bode, S., & Haynes, J. D. (2013). Predicting free choices for abstract intentions. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 110(15), 6217-6222.

Vohs, K. D., & Schooler, J. W. (2008). The value of believing in free will: Encouraging a belief in determinism increases cheating. Psychological Science, 19(1), 49-54.

Wegner, D. M., & Wheatley, T. (1999). Apparent mental causation: Sources of the experience of will. American Psychologist, 54(7), 480-492.

Wegner, D. M., Sparrow, B., & Winerman, L. (2004). Vicarious agency: Experiencing control over the movements of others. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 86(6), 838-848.

第六部分：作为生物器官的脑

起源：最早的神经元从何而来

Bargmann, C. I. (1998). Neurobiology of the Caenorhabditis elegans genome. Science, 282(5396), 2028-2033. Doyle, D. A., Morais Cabral, J., Pfuetzner, R. A., Kuo, A., Gulbis, J. M., Cohen, S. L., Chait, B. T., & MacKinnon, R. (1998). The structure of the potassium channel: Molecular basis of K+ conduction and selectivity. Science, 280(5360), 69-77. Goldin, A. L. (2002). Evolution of voltage-gated Na(+) channels. The Journal of Experimental Biology, 205(Pt 5), 575-584. Goodman, M. B., Hall, D. H., Avery, L., & Lockery, S. R. (1998). Active currents regulate sensitivity and dynamic range in C. elegans neurons. Neuron, 20(4), 763-772. Hayakawa, E., Guzman, C., Horiguchi, O., Kawano, C., Shiraishi, A., Mohri, K., Lin, M. F., Nakamura, R., Nakamura, R., Kawai, E., Komoto, S., Jokura, K., Shiba, K., Shigenobu, S., Satake, H., Inaba, K., & Watanabe, H. (2022). Mass spectrometry of short peptides reveals common features of metazoan peptidergic neurons. Nature Ecology & Evolution, 6(10), 1438-1448. Kay, A. R. (2017). How cells can control their size by pumping ions. Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology, 5, 41. Kristan, W. B., Jr. (2016). Early evolution of neurons. Current Biology, 26(20), R949-R954. Llinás, R. R. (2014). Intrinsic electrical properties of mammalian neurons and CNS function: a historical perspective. Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience, 8, 320. MacKinnon, R., Cohen, S. L., Kuo, A., Lee, A., & Chait, B. T. (1998). Structural conservation in prokaryotic and eukaryotic potassium channels. Science, 280(5360), 106-109. Morais-Cabral, J. H., Zhou, Y., & MacKinnon, R. (2001). Energetic optimization of ion conduction rate by the K+ selectivity filter. Nature, 414(6859), 37-42. Musser, J. M., Schippers, K. J., Nickel, M., Mizzon, G., Kohn, A. B., Pape, C., Ronchi, P., Papadopoulos, N., Tarashansky, A. J., Hammel, J. U., Wolf, F., Liang, C., Hernandez-Plaza, A., Cantalapiedra, C. P., Achim, K., Schieber, N. L., Pan, L., Ruperti, F., Francis, W. R., Vargas, S., & Arendt, D. (2021). Profiling cellular diversity in sponges informs animal cell type and nervous system evolution. Science, 374(6568), 717-723. Najle, S. R., Grau-Bove, X., Elek, A., Navarrete, C., Cianferoni, D., Chiva, C., Canias-Armenteros, D., Mallabiabarrena, A., Kamm, K., Sabidó, E., Gruber-Vodicka, H., Schierwater, B., Serrano, L., & Sebé-Pedros, A. (2023). Stepwise emergence of the neuronal gene expression program in early animal evolution. Cell, 186(22), 4676-4693.e29. Weiss, M. C., Sousa, F. L., Mrnjavac, N., Neukirchen, S., Roettger, M., Nelson-Sathi, S., & Martin, W. F. (2016). The physiology and habitat of the last universal common ancestor. Nature Microbiology, 1(9), 16116. 诞生：神经元如何分化出不同的功能 Anderson, P. W. (1972). More is different: Broken symmetry and the nature of the hierarchical structure of science. Science, 177(4047), 393-396. Casas Gimeno, G., & Paridaen, J. T. M. L. (2022). The symmetry of neural stem cell and progenitor divisions in the vertebrate brain. Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology, 10, 885269. De Paepe, C., Krivega, M., Cauffman, G., Geens, M., & Van de Velde, H. (2014). Totipotency and lineage segregation in the human embryo. Molecular Human Reproduction, 20(7), 599-618.

Guo, Z., Zhang, L., Wu, Z., Chen, Y., Wang, F., & Chen, G. (2014). In vivo direct reprogramming of reactive glial cells into functional neurons after brain injury and in an Alzheimer’s disease model. Cell Stem Cell, 14(2), 188-202. Hill, K. A. (1985). Hartsoeker’s homonculus: A corrective note. Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences, 21(2), 178-179. Lim, D. A., Tramontin, A. D., Trevejo, J. M., Herrera, D. G., Garcia-Verdugo, J. M., & Alvarez-Buylla, A. (2000). Noggin antagonizes BMP signaling to create a niche for adult neurogenesis. Neuron, 28(3), 713-726. Mollinari, C., Zhao, J., Lupacchini, L., Garaci, E., Merlo, D., & Pei, G. (2018). Transdifferentiation: A new promise for neurodegenerative diseases. Cell Death & Disease, 9(8), 830. Shen, Q., Zhong, W., Jan, Y. N., & Temple, S. (2002). Asymmetric Numb distribution is critical for asymmetric cell division of mouse cerebral cortical stem cells and neuroblasts. Development, 129(20), 4843-4853. Sunchu, B., & Cabernard, C. (2020). Principles and mechanisms of asymmetric cell division. Development, 147(13), dev167650. Wang, L. L., Serrano, C., Zhong, X., Ma, S., Zou, Y., & Zhang, C. L. (2021). Revisiting astrocyte to neuron conversion with lineage tracing in vivo. Cell, 184(21), 5465-5481. Wang, L. L., & Zhang, C. L. (2022). In vivo glia-to-neuron conversion: pitfalls and solutions. Developmental Neurobiology, 82(5), 367-374. Zhou, B., Lin, W., Long, Y., et al. (2022). Notch signaling pathway: architecture, disease, and therapeutics. Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy, 7, 95.

分叉：神经元的标志性外观是如何形成的

Barnes, A. P., & Polleux, F. (2009). Establishment of axon-dendrite polarity in developing neurons. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 32, 347-381. Jiang, H., Guo, W., Liang, X., & Rao, Y. (2005). Both the establishment and the maintenance of neuronal polarity require active mechanisms: Critical roles of GSK-3β and its upstream regulators. Journal of Cell Science, 118(23), 5539-5547. Lefebvre, J. L., Kostadinov, D., Chen, W. V., Maniatis, T., & Sanes, J. R. (2012). Protocadherins mediate dendritic self-avoidance in the mammalian nervous system. Nature, 488(7412), 517-521. Matthews, B. J., Kim, M. E., Flanagan, J. J., Hattori, D., Clemens, J. C., Zipursky, S. L., & Grueber, W. B. (2007). Dendrite self-avoidance is controlled by Dscam. Cell, 129(3), 593-604. Meyer, R. L. (1998). Roger Sperry and his chemoaffinity hypothesis. Neuropsychologia, 36(10), 957-980. Polleux, F., & Snider, W. (2010). Initiating and growing an axon. Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology, 2(4), a001925. Popa, L. S., Streng, M. L., & Ebner, T. J. (2019). Purkinje cell representations of behavior and learning in the cerebellum. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 42, 383-407. Shi, S. H., Jan, L. Y., & Jan, Y. N. (2003). Hippocampal neuronal polarity specified by spatially localized mPar3/mPar6 and PI 3-kinase activity. Cell, 112(1), 63-75. Tahirovic, S., & Bradke, F. (2009). Neuronal polarity. Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology, 1(3), a001644. Tessier-Lavigne, M., & Goodman, C. S. (1996). The molecular biology of axon guidance. Science, 274(5290), 1123-1133.

Yogev, S., & Shen, K. (2017). Establishing neuronal polarity with environmental and intrinsic mechanisms. Neuron, 96(3), 638-650. Zang, Y., Chaudhari, K., & Bashaw, G. J. (2021). New insights into the molecular mechanisms of axon guidance receptor regulation and signaling. Current Topics in Developmental Biology, 142, 147-196. Ziemba, K. S., Chaudhry, N., Rabchevsky, A. G., Jin, Y., & Smith, G. M. (2008). Promoting axonal regeneration in the adult CNS. The Journal of Neuroscience, 28(2), 340-348.

连接：神经元间的突触是如何打通的

in live adult CA1 hippocampus. Nature, 523, 592-596. Dalva, M., McClelland, A., & Kayser, M. (2007). Cell adhesion molecules: Signalling functions at the synapse. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 8, 206-220. Emperador-Melero, J., & Kaeser, P. S. (2020). Assembly of the presynaptic active zone. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 63, 95-103. Hensch, T. K., & Quinlan, E. M. (2018). Critical periods in amblyopia. Visual Neuroscience, 35, E014. Huttenlocher, P. R., de Courten, C., Garey, L. J., & Van der Loos, H. (1982). Synaptogenesis in human visual cortex—Evidence for synapse elimination during normal development. Neuroscience Letters, 33(3), 247-252. Nusser, Z. (2018). Creating diverse synapses from the same molecules. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 51, 8-15. Sanes, J. R., & Lichtman, J. W. (1999). Development of the vertebrate neuromuscular junction. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 22, 389-442. Sudhof, T. C. (2018). Towards an understanding of synapse formation. Neuron, 100(2), 276-293. Sudhof, T. C. (2021). The cell biology of synapse formation. The Journal of Cell Biology, 220(7), e202103052. Wiesel, T. N., & Hubel, D. H. (1963). Single-cell responses in striate cortex of kittens deprived of vision in one eye. Journal of Neurophysiology, 26, 1003-1017.

枢纽：为什么需要一颗中心化的脑

Bargmann, C. I., Hartwieg, E., & Horvitz, H. R. (1993). Odorant-selective genes and neurons mediate olfaction in C. elegans. Cell, 74(3), 515-527. Brittin, C. A., Cook, S. J., Hall, D. H., et al. (2021). A multi-scale brain map derived from whole-brain volumetric reconstructions. Nature, 591, 105-110. Chen, B. L., Hall, D. H., & Chklovski, D. B. (2006). Wiring optimization can relate neuronal structure and function. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 103(12), 4723-4728. Holland, L. Z., Carvalho, J. E., Escriva, H., Laudet, V., Schubert, M., Shimeld, S. M., & Yu, J. K. (2013). Evolution of bilaterian central nervous systems: A single origin? EvoDevo, 4(1), 27. Macosko, E. Z., Pokala, N., Feinberg, E. H., Chalasani, S. H., Butcher, R. A., Clardy, J., & Bargmann, C. I. (2009). A hub-and-spoke circuit drives pheromone attraction and social behaviour in C. elegans. Nature, 458(7242), 1171-1175. Martindale, M. Q., Finnerty, J. R., & Henry, J. Q. (2002). The Radiata and the evolutionary origins of the bilaterian body plan. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 24(3), 358-365.

Michel, K., Kuch, B., Dengler, S., Demir, I. E., Zeller, F., & Schemann, M. (2022). How big is the little brain in the gut? Neuronal numbers in the enteric nervous system of mice, guinea pig, and human. Neurogastroenterology and Motility, 34(12), e14440.

Sterling, P., & Laughlin, S. (2015). Principles of neural design. MIT Press.

Weissbourd, B., Momose, T., Nair, A., Kennedy, A., Hunt, B., & Anderson, D. J. (2021). A genetically tractable jellyfish model for systems and evolutionary neuroscience. Cell, 184(24), 5854-5868.e20.

White, J. G., Southgate, E., Thomson, J. N., & Brenner, S. (1986). The structure of the nervous system of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences, 314(1165), 1-340.

微雕：脑的精细化结构是如何产生的

Clowry, G., Molnar, Z., & Rakic, P. (2010). Renewed focus on the developing human neocortex. Journal of Anatomy, 217(4), 276-288.

Greig, L., Woodworth, M., Galazo, M., et al. (2013). Molecular logic of neocortical projection neuron specification, development and diversity. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 14, 755-769.

Le Dréau, G., & Marti, E. (2012). Dorsal-ventral patterning of the neural tube: A tale of three signals. Developmental Neurobiology, 72(12), 1471-1481.

McGrew, L. L., Hoppler, S., & Moon, R. T. (1997). Wnt and FGF pathways cooperatively pattern anteroposterior neural ectoderm in Xenopus. Mechanisms of Development, 69(1-2), 105-114.

Molyneaux, B. J., Arlotta, P., Menezes, J. R., & Macklis, J. D. (2007). Neuronal subtype specification in the cerebral cortex. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 8(6), 427-437.

Philippidou, P., & Dasen, J. S. (2013). Hox genes: Choreographers in neural development, architects of circuit organization. Neuron, 80(1), 12-34.

and onset of differentiation of cerebellar stellate and basket neurons. The Journal of Comparative Neurology, 147(4), 523-546.

Rakic, P. (1988). Specification of cerebral cortical areas. Science, 241(4862), 170-176.

human brain. Zeitschrift für Anatomie und Entwicklungsgeschichte, 129(1), 53-82. Yadav, A., Matson, K. J. E., Li, L., Hua, I., Petrescu, J., Kang, K., Aikaslasi, M. R., Lee, D. I., Hasan, S., Galuta, A., Dedek, A., Ameri, S., Parnell, J., Alshardan, M. M., Qumqumji, F. A., Alhamad, S. M., Wang, A. P., Poulen, G., Lonjon, N., Vachiery-Lahaye, F., “· Levine, A. J. (2023). A cellular taxonomy of the adult human spinal cord. Neuron, 111(3), 328-344.e7.

智慧载体：人脑为何与众不同

Borrell, V., & Gotz, M. (2014). Role of radial glial cells in cerebral cortex folding. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 27, 39-46.

Fernandez, V., & Borrell, V. (2023). Developmental mechanisms of gyrification. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 80, 102711.

Fernandez, V., Llinares-Benadero, C., & Borrell, V. (2016). Cerebral cortex expansion and folding: What have we learned? The EMBO Journal, 35(10), 1021-1044.

Gomez-Robles, A., Nicolaou, C., Smaers, J. B., et al. (2024). The evolution of human altriciality and brain development in comparative context. Nature Ecology & Evolution, 8, 133-146. Herculano-Houzel, S., Avelino-de-Souza, K., Neves, K., Porfirio, J., Messeder, D., Mattos Feijó, L., Maldonado, J., & Manger, P. R. (2014). The elephant brain in numbers. Frontiers in Neuroanatomy, 8, 46. Hofman, M. A. (2014). Evolution of the human brain: when bigger is better. Frontiers in Neuroanatomy, 8, 15. Karbowski, J. (2003). How does connectivity between cortical areas depend on brain size? Journal of Computational Neuroscience, 15(3), 347-356. Klyachko, V. A., & Stevens, C. F. (2003). Connectivity optimization and the positioning of cortical areas. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 100(13), 7937-7941. Neville, H. J., & Bavelier, D. (2002). Human brain plasticity: evidence from sensory deprivation and altered language experience. Progress in Brain Research, 138, 177-188. Oberlaender, M., de Kock, C. P., Bruno, R. M., Ramirez, A., Meyer, H. S., Dercksen, V. J., Helmstaedter, M., & Sakmann, B. (2012). Cell type-specific three-dimensional structure of thalamocortical circuits in a column of rat vibrissal cortex. Cerebral Cortex, 22(10), 2375-2391. Pulvers, J. N., Journiac, N., Arai, Y., & Nardelli, J. (2015). MCPH1: A window into brain development and evolution. Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience, 9, 92. Shi, L., Luo, X., Jiang, J., Chen, Y., Liu, C., Hu, T., Li, M., Lin, Q., Li, Y., Huang, J., Wang, H., Niu, Y., Shi, Y., Styner, M., Wang, J., Lu, Y., Sun, X., Yu, H., Ji, W., & Su, B. (2019). Transgenic monkeys with human-specific genes show human-like neoteny of brain development. National Science Review, 6(3), 480-493. Somel, M., Franz, H., Yan, Z., Lorenc, A., Guo, S., Giger, T., Kelso, J., Nickel, B., Dannemann, M., Bahn, S., Webster, M. J., Weickert, C. S., Lachmann, M., & Pääbo, S. (2009). Transcriptional neoteny in the human brain. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 106(14), 5743-5748. 47 谢幕：如何预防脑的衰老和死亡 Alshebib, Y., Hori, T., Goel, A., Fauzi, A. A., & Kashiwagi, T. (2023). Adult human neurogenesis: A view from two schools of thought. IBRO Neuroscience Reports, 15, 342-347. Association of Mediterranean-DASH Intervention for Neurodegenerative Delay and dementia risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 114(6), e2268. Campbell, J. M., Bellman, S. M., Stephenson, M. D., & Lisy, K. (2017). Metformin reduces all-cause mortality and diseases of ageing independent of its effect on diabetes control: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Ageing Research Reviews, 40, 31-44. Deng, W., Aimone, J. B., & Gage, F. H. (2010). New neurons and new memories: how does adult hippocampal neurogenesis affect learning and memory? Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 11(5), 339-350. Eriksson, P. S., Perfilieva, E., Björk-Eriksson, T., Alborn, A. M., Nordborg, C., Peterson, D. A., & Gage, F. H. (1998). Neurogenesis in the adult human hippocampus. Nature Medicine, 4(11), 1313-1317. Kulkarni, A. S., Gubbi, S., & Barzilai, N. (2020). Benefits of Metformin in Attenuating the Hallmarks of Aging. Cell Metabolism, 32(1), 15-30.

Lanoiselée, H. M., Nicolas, G., Wallon, D., Rovelet-Lecrux, A., Lacour, M., Rousseau, S., Richard, A. C., Pasquier, F., Rollin-Sillaire, A., Martinaud, O., … & collaborators of the CNR-MAJ project. (2017). APP, PSEN1, and PSEN2 mutations in early-onset Alzheimer disease: A genetic screening study of familial and sporadic cases. PLoS Medicine, 14(3), e1002270. Lodato, M. A., & Walsh, C. A. (2019). Genome aging: Somatic mutation in the brain links age-related decline with disease and nominates pathogenic mechanisms. Human Molecular Genetics, 28(R2), R197-R206. Lopez-Otin, C., Blasco, M. A., Partridge, L., Serrano, M., & Kroemer, G. (2023). Hallmarks of aging: An expanding universe. Cell, 186(2), 243-278. Clinical benefit of new cancer drugs. Aging, 15(12), 5232-5234. In Encyclopedia of Gerontology and Population Aging (pp. 4908-4910). Cham: Springer International Publishing. Sakamoto, M., Imayoshi, I., Ohtsuka, T., Yamaguchi, M., Mori, K., & Kageyama, R. (2011). Continuous neurogenesis in the adult forebrain is required for innate olfactory responses. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 108(20), 8479-8484. Sender, R., & Milo, R. (2021). The distribution of cellular turnover in the human body. Nature Medicine, 27, 45-48. Sorrells, S., Paredes, M., Cebrian-Silla, A., et al. (2018). Human hippocampal neurogenesis drops sharply in children to undetectable levels in adults. Nature, 555, 377-381. Spalding, K. L., Bergmann, O., Alkass, K., Bernard, S., Salehpour, M., Huttner, H. B., Bostrom, E., Westerlund, I., Vial, C., Buchholz, B. A., … & Frisen, J. (2013). Dynamics of hippocampal neurogenesis in adult humans. Cell, 153(6), 1219-1227. Stern, Y. (2012). Cognitive reserve in ageing and Alzheimer’s disease. The Lancet Neurology, 11(11), 1006-1012. Valley, M. T., Mullen, T. R., Schultz, L. C., Sagdullaev, B. T., & Firestein, S. (2009). Ablation of mouse adult neurogenesis alters olfactory bulb structure and olfactory fear conditioning. Frontiers in Neuroscience, 3, 51. van Dyck, C. H., Swanson, C. J., Aisen, P., Bateman, R. J., Chen, C., Gee, M., Kanekiyo, M., Li, D., Reyderman, L., Cohen, S., … & Iwatsubo, T. (2023). Lecanemab in Early Alzheimer’s Disease. The New England Journal of Medicine, 388(1), 9-21. 第七部分 脑的未解难题 48 先天和后天：大脑功能到底如何造就 Bisiach, E., & Luzzatti, C. (1978). Unilateral neglect of representational space. Cortex, 14(1), 129-133. Bouchard, T. J., Jr, & McGue, M. (1981). Familial studies of intelligence: A review. Science, 212(4498), 1055-1059. Bouchard, T. J., Jr, & McGue, M. (2003). Genetic and environmental influences on human psychological differences. Journal of Neurobiology, 54(1), 4-45. Bouchard, T. J. (2013). The Wilson Effect: The increase in heritability of IQ with age. Twin Research and Human Genetics, 16(5), 923-930. Driver, J., & Mattingley, J. B. (1998). Parietal neglect and visual awareness. Nature Neuroscience, 1(1), 17-22. Ferro, J. M., & Santos, M. E. (1984). Associative visual agnosia: A case study. Cortex, 20(1), 121-134.

Hatemi, P. K., & McDermott, R. (2012). The genetics of politics: discovery, challenges, and progress. Trends in Genetics, 28(10), 525-533. Hatemi, P. K., Medland, S. E., Klemmensen, R., Oskarsson, S., Littvay, L., Dawes, C. T., Verhulst, B., McDermott, R., Norgaard, A. S., Klofstad, C. A., Christensen, K., Johannesson, M., Magnusson, P. K., Eaves, L. J., & Martin, N. G. (2014). Genetic influences on political ideologies: twin analyses of 19 measures of political ideologies from five democracies and genome-wide findings from three populations. Behavior Genetics, 44(3), 282-294. Jameson, K. A., Highnote, S. M., & Wasserman, L. M. (2001). Richer color experience in observers with multiple photopigment opsin genes. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 8(2), 244-261. Jang, K. L., Livesley, W. J., & Vernon, P. A. (1996). Heritability of the Big Five personality dimensions and their facets: A twin study. Journal of Personality, 64(3), 577-591. Perola, M., Sammalisto, S., Hiekkalinna, T., Martin, N. G., Visscher, P. M., Montgomery, G. W., Benyamin, B., Harris, J. R., Boomsma, D., Willemsen, G., Hottenga, J. J., Christensen, K., Kyvik, K. O., Sorensen, T. I., Pedersen, N. L., Magnusson, P. K., Spector, T. D., Widen, E., Silventoinen, K., Kaprio, J., & GenomEUtwin Project. (2007). Combined genome scans for body stature in 6,602 European twins: Evidence for common Caucasian loci. PLoS Genetics, 3(6), e97. Ptak, R., Lazeyras, F., Di Pietro, M., Schnider, A., & Simon, S. R. (2014). Visual object agnosia is associated with a breakdown of object-selective responses in the lateral occipital cortex. Neuropsychologia, 60, 10-20. Rahman, M. S., Guban, P., Wang, M., Melas, P. A., Forsell, Y., & Lavebratt, C. (2017). Genome-wide association study of the personality trait openness to experience. Psychiatry Research, 257, 322-326. Savage, J. E., Jansen, P. R., Stringer, S., Watanabe, K., Bryois, J., de Leeuw, C. A., Nagel, M., Awasthi, S., Barr, P. B., Coleman, J. R. I., Grasby, K. L., Hammerschlag, A. R., Kaminski, J. A., Karlsson, R., Krapohl, E., Lam, M., Nygaard, M., Reynolds, C. A., Trampush, J. W., Young, H., Zabaneh, D., Hägg, S., Hansell, N. K., Karlsson, I. K., Linnarsson, S., Montgomery, G. W., Muñoz-Manchado, A. B., Quinlan, E. B., Schumann, G., Skene, N. G., Webb, B. T., White, T., Arking, D. E., Avramopoulos, D., Bilder, R. M., Bitsios, P., Burdick, K. E., Cannon, T. D., Chiba-Falek, O., Christoforou, A., Cirulli, E. T., Congdon, E., Corvin, A., Davies, G., Deary, I. J., DeRosse, P., Dickinson, D., Djurovic, S., Donohoe, G., Conley, E. D., Eriksson, J. G., Espeseth, T., Freimer, N. A., Giakoumaki, S., Giegling, I., Gill, M., Glahn, D. C., Hariri, A. R., Hatzimanolis, A., Keller, M. C., Knowles, E., Koltai, D., Konte, B., Lahti, J., Le Hellard, S., Lencz, T., Liewald, D. C., London, E., Lundervold, A. J., Malhotra, A. K., Melle, I., Morris, D., Need, A. C., Ollier, W., Palotie, A., Payton, A., Pendleton, N., Poldrack, R. A., Räikkönen, K., Reinvang, I., Roussos, P., Rujescu, D., Sabb, F. W., Scult, M. A., Smeland, O. B., Smyrnis, N., Starr, J. M., Steen, V. M., Stefanis, N. C., Straub, R. E., Sundet, K., Tiemeier, H., Voineskos, A. N., Weinberger, D. R., Widen, E., Yu, J., Abecasis, G., Andreassen, O. A., Breen, G., Christiansen, L., Debrabant, B., Dick, D. M., Heinz, A., Hjerling-Leffler, J., Ikram, M. A., Kendler, K. S., Martin, N. G., Medland, S. E., Pedersen, N. L., Plomin, R., Polderman, T. J. C., Ripke, S., van der Sluis, S., Sullivan, P. F., Vrieze, S. I., Wright, M. J., & Posthuma, D. (2018). Genome-wide association meta-analysis in 269,867 individuals identifies new genetic and functional links to intelligence. Nature Genetics, 50, 912-919. Tellegen, A., Lykken, D. T., Bouchard, T. J., Jr., Wilcox, K. J., Segal, N. L., & Rich, S. (1988). Personality similarity in twins reared apart and together. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54(6), 1031-1039. Todd, R. M., Muller, D. J., Palombo, D. J., Robertson, A., Eaton, T., Freeman, N., Levine, B., & Anderson, A. K. (2014). Deletion variant in the ADRA2B gene increases coupling between emotional responses at encoding and later retrieval of emotional memories. Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, 112, 222-229. Visscher, P. M., Hill, W. G., & Wray, N. R. (2008). Heritability in the genomics era—concepts and misconceptions. Nature Reviews Genetics, 9(4), 255-266. Buckner, R. L., Andrews-Hanna, J. R., & Schacter, D. L. (2008). The brain’s default network: Anatomy, function, and relevance to disease. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1124(1), 1-38.

Carhart-Harris, R. L., Erritzoe, D., Williams, T., Stone, J. M., Reed, L. J., Colasanti, A., Tyacke, R. J., Leech, R., Malizia, A. L., Murphy, K., Hobden, P., Evans, J., Feilding, A., Wise, R. G., & Nutt, D. J. (2012). Neural correlates of the psychedelic state as determined by fMRI studies with psilocybin. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 109(6), 2138-2143.

Carhart-Harris, R. L., Muthukumaraswamy, S., Roseman, L., Kaelen, M., Droog, W., Murphy, K., Tagliazucchi, E., Schenberg, E. E., Nest, T., Orban, C., Leech, R., Williams, L. T., Williams, T. M., Bolstridge, M., Sessa, B., McGonigle, J., Sereno, M. I., Nichols, D., Hellyer, P. J., Hobden, P., & Nutt, D. J. (2016). Neural correlates of the LSD experience revealed by multimodal neuroimaging. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 113(17), 4853-4858.

Dupret, D., O’Neill, J., Pleydell-Bouverie, B., & Csicsvari, J. (2010). The reorganization of spatial memory in hippocampus. Nature Neuroscience, 13(8), 995-1002.

George, D. R., Hanson, R., Wilkinson, D., & Garcia-Romeu, A. (2022). Ancient roots of today’s emerging renaissance in psychedelic medicine. Culture, Medicine, and Psychiatry, 46(4), 890-903.

Mitra, P., & Jain, A. (2023). Dissociative identity disorder. In StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing.

Modesti, M. N., Rapisarda, L., Capriotti, G., & Del Casale, A. (2022). Functional neuroimaging in dissociative disorders: A systematic review. Journal of Personalized Medicine, 12(9), 1405.

Muzur, A., Pace-Schott, E. F., & Hobson, J. A. (2002). The prefrontal cortex in sleep. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 6(11), 475-481.

Nir, Y., & Tononi, G. (2010). Dreaming and the brain: From phenomenology to neurophysiology. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 14(2), 88-100.

Peigneux, P., Laureys, S., Fuchs, S., Collette, F., Perrin, F., Reggers, J., Phillips, C., Degueldre, C., Del Fiore, G., Aerts, J., Luxen, A., & Maquet, P. (2004). Are spatial memories strengthened in the human hippocampus during slow wave sleep? Neuron, 44(3), 535-545.

Skaggs, W. E., & McNaughton, B. L. (1996). Replay of neuronal firing sequences in rat hippocampus during sleep following spatial experience. Science, 271(5257), 1870-1873.

Wamsley, E. (2021). Dreaming as constructive episodic future simulation. Sleep, 44(Supplement_1), A15.

Wilson, M. A., & McNaughton, B. L. (1994). Reactivation of hippocampal ensemble memories during sleep. Science, 265(5172), 676-679.

Zacharias, N., Musso, F., Miller, F., Lammers, F., Saleh, A., London, M., de Boer, P., & Winterer, G. (2020). Ketamine effects on default mode network activity and vigilance: A randomized, placebo-controlled crossover simultaneous fMRI/EEG study. Human Brain Mapping, 41(1), 107-119.

现在和未来：脑机接口能否带来脑的升级

Anumanchipalli, G. K., Chartier, J., & Chang, E. F. (2019). Speech synthesis from neural decoding of spoken sentences. Nature, 568(7753), 493-498.

Beauchamp, M. S., Oswalt, D., Sun, P., Foster, B. L., Magnotti, J. F., Niketeghad, S., Pouratian, N., Bosking, W. H., & Yoshor, D. (2020). Dynamic stimulation of visual cortex produces form vision in sighted and blind humans. Cell, 181(4), 774-783.e5. Dobelle, W. H., Mladejovsky, M. G., Evans, J. R., Roberts, T. S., & Girvin, J. P. (1976). Artificial vision for the blind: electrical stimulation of visual cortex offers hope for a functional prosthesis. Science, 259(5539), 111-112. Ma, Y., Bao, J., Zhang, Y., Zhao, Y., Han, G., & Xue, T. (2019). Mammalian near-infrared image vision through injectable and self-powered retinal nanoantennae. Cell, 177(2), 243-255.e15. Metzger, S. L., Littlejohn, K. T., Silva, A. B., Moses, D. A., Seaton, M. P., Wang, R., Dougherty, M. E., Liu, J. R., Wu, P., Berger, M. A., Zhuravleva, I., Tu-Chan, A., Ganguly, K., Anumanchipalli, G. K., & Chang, E. F. (2023). A high-performance neuroprosthesis for speech decoding and avatar control. Nature, 620(7976), 1037-1046. Shanechi, M. M. (2019). Brain-machine interfaces from motor to mood. Nature Neuroscience, 22(10), 1554-1564. Willett, F. R., Avansino, D. T., Hochberg, L. R., Henderson, J. M., & Shenoy, K. V. (2021). High-performance brain-to-text communication via handwriting. Nature, 593(7858), 249-254. Yang, R., Zhao, P., Wang, L., Feng, C., Peng, C., Wang, Z., Zhang, Y., Shen, M., Shi, K., Weng, S., Dong, C., Zeng, F., Zhang, T., Chen, X., Wang, S., Wang, Y., Luo, Y., Chen, Q., Chen, Y., … Liu, J. (2024). Assessment of visual function in blind mice and monkeys with subretinally implanted nanowire arrays as artificial photoreceptors. Nature Biomedical Engineering, 8, 1018-1039. Zhang, Q., Hu, S., Talay, R., Xiao, Z., Rosenberg, D., Liu, Y., Sun, G., Li, A., Caravan, B., Singh, A., Gould, J. D., Chen, Z. S., & Wang, J. (2021). A prototype closed-loop brain-machine interface for the study and treatment of pain. Nature Biomedical Engineering, 7(4), 533-545.